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Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope (; (ギリシア語:Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς), ''Diogenēs ho Sinōpeus'') was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic (, ''Diogenēs ho Kunikos''), he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey), an Ionian colony on the Black Sea,〔''Diogenes of Sinope'' (【引用サイトリンク】 title=Voice in the Wilderness )〕 in 412 or 404 BCE and died at Corinth in 323 BCE.〔, Plutarch, ''Moralia'', 717c. says he died on the same day as Alexander the Great, which puts his death at 323 BCE. Diogenes Laërtius's statement that Diogenes died "nearly 90" would put his year of birth at 412 BCE. But Censorinus (''De die natali'', 15.2) says he died aged 81, which puts his year of birth at 404 BCE. The Suda puts his birth at the time of the Thirty Tyrants, which also gives 404 BCE.〕
Diogenes of Sinope was a controversial figure. His father minted coins for a living, and when Diogenes took to debasement of currency, he was banished from Sinope.〔 After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. Diogenes modelled himself on the example of Heracles. He believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory. He used his simple lifestyle and behaviour (which arguably resembled poverty) to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt or at least confused society. In a highly non-traditional fashion, he had a reputation of sleeping and eating wherever he chose and took to toughening himself against nature. He declared himself a cosmopolitan and a citizen of the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. There are many tales about him dogging Antisthenes' footsteps and becoming his "faithful hound".〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, ''Orations'', viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus, ''Florilegium'', 13.19〕 Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar〔The original Greek word describing Diogenes' "jar" is ''pithos'', a large jar for storing wine, grain or olive oil. Modern variations include ''barrel'', ''tub'', ''vat'', ''wine-vat'', and ''kennel''. 〕 in the marketplace. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts such as carrying a lamp in the daytime, claiming to be looking for an honest man. He criticized and embarrassed Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting attendees by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.
After being captured by pirates and sold into slavery, Diogenes eventually settled in Corinth. There he passed his philosophy of Cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into the school of Stoicism, one of the most enduring schools of Greek philosophy. None of Diogenes's many writings has survived, but details of his life come in the form of anecdotes (''chreia''), especially from Diogenes Laërtius, in his book ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers''. All that is available is a number of anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources.〔''Diogenes of Sinope'' Retrieved November 13, 2011.〕
==Life==
Nothing is known about Diogenes' early life except that his father Hicesias was a banker.〔. A ''trapezites'' was a banker/money-changer who could exchange currency, arrange loans, and was sometimes entrusted with the minting of currency.〕 It seems likely that Diogenes was also enrolled into the banking business aiding his father. At some point (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became embroiled in a scandal involving the adulteration or debasement of the currency,〔Navia, ''Diogenes the Cynic'', pg 226: "The word ''paracharaxis'' can be understood in various ways such as the defacement of currency or the counterfeiting of coins or the adulteration of money."〕 and Diogenes was exiled from the city, lost his citizenship, and all his material possessions.〔Examined Lives from Socrates to Nietzsche by James Miller pg:76〕 This aspect of the story seems to be corroborated by archaeology: large numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of the 4th century BCE, and other coins of the time bear the name of Hicesias as the official who minted them.〔C. T. Seltman, ''Diogenes of Sinope, Son of the Banker Hikesias'', in ''Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress 1936'' (London 1938).〕 During this time there was a lot of counterfeit money circulating in Sinope.〔 The coins were deliberately defaced in order to render them worthless as legal tender.〔 Sinope was being disputed between pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions in the 4th century, and there may have been political rather than financial motives behind the act.
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